Unit 3: Office Tools constitutes the operational core of the CBSE Class 9 Computer Applications (Code 165) curriculum. With a heavy weightage on the 50-mark practical assessment, fluency in OpenOffice Writer, Calc, and Impress is mandatory for high scores. This resource strips away the fluff to focus on the exact commands, formulas, and logic required for the 2025-26 academic session.
From debugging #DIV/0! errors in spreadsheets to configuring Slide Masters for professional presentations, this hub organizes the syllabus into actionable modules. Whether you need to memorize the shortcut for ‘Spell Check’ (F7), distinguish between absolute and relative referencing, or prepare for external examiner questions during the Viva Voce, these sections provide the direct answers needed to clear both the theory paper and the lab test.
Master OpenOffice Writer, Calc, and Impress with our interactive question bank designed for the CBSE Class 9 Computer Applications (Code 165) 2025-26 exam.
1. Which file extension is the default for saving a document in OpenOffice Writer?
2. In OpenOffice Calc, which symbol must every formula start with?
10+20 without the equals sign, the software treats it as text, not a calculation.
3. Which view in OpenOffice Impress is best for reordering your slides?
4. Which shortcut key is used to perform a Spell Check in Writer?
5. What is the intersection of a row and a column called in a spreadsheet?
Unit 3: Office Tools stands as the operational backbone of the CBSE Class 9 Computer Applications (Code 165) curriculum. With 15 marks allocated to theory and a significant role in the 50-mark practical assessment, command over these applications is mandatory for high scores. This guide breaks down Apache OpenOffice into its three core components: Writer for document creation, Calc for data analysis, and Impress for visual presentations.
Try our mock test here: Exam Test
Rather than just listing menus, we examine the specific logic required for the 2025-26 exams—from distinguishing between relative and absolute referencing in spreadsheets to configuring slide masters for consistent presentations. Whether you are debugging a #DIV/0! error in Calc or formatting a formal letter in Writer, this resource provides the direct commands, shortcuts, and conceptual clarity needed to clear both the written paper and the lab viva.
Unit 3 of the Computer Applications curriculum connects theoretical computer science with practical utility. Allocated 15 marks for theory and driving the bulk of the 50-mark practical component, this unit serves as the operational core of the course. The curriculum focuses on OpenOffice.org (Apache OpenOffice) to foster universal computing principles rather than vendor-specific workflows.
Select a tool to see specific commands and file formats.
OpenOffice Writer acts as the primary tool for document creation. Unlike ribbon-based interfaces, OpenOffice uses a traditional Menu and Toolbar interface. Understanding this distinction helps students locate commands through text-based menus like Format > Character rather than visual tabs.
Interactive Diagram: Hover over elements to see their names (Simulated).
Paragraph settings affect blocks of text. Access these via Format > Paragraph.
The application uses wavy lines to indicate potential errors.
Insert > Special Character. Use for ©, ™, € or mathematical symbols like ±, ÷.
Edit > Find & Replace (Ctrl+F). Use to swap words (e.g., change “colour” to “color”) throughout the document instantly.
Add emphasis to text.
Format > Paragraph > Borders. Applies a box around the text block.Format > Page > Borders. Decorates the entire sheet.OpenOffice Calc uses a grid system to manage numbers. A crucial concept is the distinction between data types.
Left-aligned by default. Cannot be used in calculations.
Right-aligned by default. Used for math.
Must start with =. Returns a result.
budget.ods).| Operator | Action | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ^ | Exponent | 2^3 = 8 |
| * | Multiply | 5*2 = 10 |
| / | Divide | 10/2 = 5 |
| + | Add | 4+4 = 8 |
Calc follows the order of operations (BODMAS).
2 * 3 = 65 + 6 = 11=(5+2)*3The Slide Master controls the template for all slides.
Go to View > Master > Slide Master. Changes here (e.g., adding a logo) reflect on every slide.
In Master View, insert an image or text object. Right-click > Arrange > Send to Back. Set transparency to 50%+.
The main editing mode for designing individual slides.
Thumbnails in a grid. Best for reordering slides via drag-and-drop.
Automate a slide show via Slide Show > Rehearse Timings.
A visual way of interacting with a computer using windows, icons, and menus, rather than text commands.
“What You See Is What You Get”. The document on screen looks exactly like the final printed output.
The automatic movement of text to the next line when it reaches the margin, without pressing Enter.
The currently selected cell in a spreadsheet, outlined with a thick border.
A rectangular block of selected cells, referenced by top-left and bottom-right (e.g., A1:C5).
The arrangement of placeholders for text, charts, and images on a slide.
Print Preview: File > Page Preview. Check before printing.
Page Range: Use “1-5, 8” to print specific pages.
Print Ranges: Select table > Format > Print Ranges > Define.
Fit to Page: Use Format > Page > Sheet tab to scale output.
Handouts: Change “Print Content” to Handouts in Print dialog.
Layout: Select 2, 4, or 6 slides per page.
Common questions asked during the practical exam.
A: .odt (OpenDocument Text). MS Word uses .docx.
A: Intersection of a Row and Column. Identified by address (e.g., A5).
A: To store the template information (fonts, background) for the entire presentation.
A: Changing cell appearance (color) automatically based on cell value (e.g., Red if < 33).
Navigate the digital world securely with this comprehensive study guide designed specifically for the CBSE Class IX curriculum (Code 165). Going beyond basic virus protection, this resource dives into the mechanics of safe browsing, interactive encryption labs (Caesar Cipher), and critical legal safeguards under the IT Act, 2000.
Whether you are analyzing modern threats like Deepfakes and Quishing or mastering digital hygiene practices to prevent identity theft, this guide provides the essential protocols and knowledge to stay safe online.
Updated Nov 2025 | CBSE Class IX (Code 165) | 20 Min Read
Core Topics Overview
Safe Browsing, Encryption (Caesar Cipher), IT Act 2000, Emerging Threats (Deepfakes), Identity Protection, Digital Wellness.
Browsing initiates complex data exchanges. The browser sends requests to servers containing metadata. This metadata identifies the user and their behavior.
Red dots represent unencrypted data packets. Green dots represent encrypted packets.
Modern encryption (like AES used in HTTPS) is complex, but it started with simple substitution. The Caesar Cipher shifts every letter by a fixed number.
*Try typing your name. Notice how if the key (shift) is known, the message is easily broken. Modern encryption uses keys with trillions of possibilities.
Open networks (cafes, airports) are susceptible to Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks where hackers intercept data between you and the router.
Avoid
Banking transactions, entering passwords, or shopping on public Wi-Fi.
Adopt
Use a VPN or mobile data (hotspot) for sensitive tasks. Turn off “Auto-Connect” features.
Clear Cache & Cookies: Regularly purge temporary files to remove tracking scripts and free up space.
Update Browser: Ensure automatic updates are ON. Outdated browsers have unpatched security holes.
Check Extensions: Audit installed extensions. Remove any that you don’t recognize or don’t use.
Pop-up Blocker: Keep this enabled to prevent malicious ads (Adware) from opening automatically.
Multiplayer environments are prime targets for social engineering and cyberbullying.
Players who deliberately irritate or harass others to ruin the game experience. Action: Mute and Report immediately.
Phishing sites promising “Free Skins” or “V-Bucks”. Action: Never enter login details on third-party generator sites.
Predators use voice chat to build trust with minors. Action: Use voice changers or restrict chat to “Friends Only”.
Search engines don’t search the *live* web in real-time. They search their own index.
Automated bots (“Spiders”) browse the web, following links from page to page.
Organizing the content found during crawling into a massive database (The Index).
Algorithms determine the most relevant results for your query (e.g., PageRank).
| Data Type | Function | Privacy Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Cache | Stores images/scripts to load pages faster on next visit. | Low (Mostly performance data). |
| Cookies | Stores login status, preferences, and cart items. | High (Used for tracking/profiling). |
| History | List of URLs visited. | Medium (Reveals habits if device is shared). |
Social platforms require specific hygiene practices to prevent data leakage and identity cloning.
Restrict visibility of posts and photos to “Friends Only”. Public profiles are easily scraped by bots for identity theft.
Disable auto-tagging of location in photos. Real-time location sharing facilitates physical stalking.
Verify identities offline before accepting. Fake accounts often use stolen photos to infiltrate friend networks.
Enable SMS or App-based authentication. Even if a password is stolen, the account remains secure without the second code.
CVV Secrecy: Never share the 3-digit code on the back of your card via phone/email.
OTP Alert: Bank employees will NEVER ask for your OTP. It is for your eyes only.
Virtual Keyboards: Use on-screen keyboards for banking to defeat Keyloggers.
Hackers can spoof the “From” name to look like your Principal or Boss. Always check the actual email header.
From: “Principal Desk” <admin@school.com> // Looks Legit
Reply-To: hacker123@freemail.com // The Trap!
Subject: Urgent Fee Payment
…Click here to pay…
Always hover over the sender name to reveal the actual email address.
Apps often ask for more data than they need. Always question the relevance of the permission.
When you delete a file or format a drive, the data is not erased. The operating system simply marks the space as “available”. Specialized software can recover this data.
Like removing the table of contents. The book pages (data) remain.
Overwrites the actual data with random 0s and 1s multiple times. Impossible to recover.
A predatory process where an adult builds an emotional bond with a child online to gain their trust for sexual abuse or exploitation.
Your digital footprint is permanent. It is categorized into two types:
Data you knowingly submit or publish.
Data collected without your explicit action.
| Concept | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Privacy | Right of the individual to control personal data. | Setting an Instagram profile to “Private”. |
| Confidentiality | Duty of the receiver to protect trusted data. | School keeping grades secure. |
| Digital Footprint | Trail of data left by online activities. | Comments, likes, IP logs. |
Attacks that manipulate people into revealing confidential information rather than hacking software directly.
Fraudulent emails mimicking trusted sources (e.g., “Bank Update Required”) to steal credentials.
“Voice Phishing”. Fraudulent phone calls posing as support staff asking for OTPs.
Phishing via SMS text messages containing malicious links.
Cyber stalking involves the use of the internet to harass, intimidate, or cause fear to a specific individual. It differs from general spam due to its targeted and persistent nature.
The Information Technology Act is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce.
Punishment for fraudulently making use of the electronic signature, password or any other unique identification feature of any other person.
Punishment for cheating by personation (pretending to be someone else) using computer resources or communication devices.
Punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form.
Deals with civil liability (compensation) for damage to computers (viruses, denial of service, data theft) without permission.
Copyrighted software available at no cost for unlimited use, but source code is hidden (e.g., Skype, Chrome).
Software provided free on a “trial basis”. Payment is required for continued use or full features (e.g., WinRAR).
Free and Open Source Software. Users can view, modify, and redistribute the source code (e.g., Linux, Firefox, LibreOffice).
CC BY (Attribution)
Must credit the author.
CC NC (Non-Commercial)
Personal use only. No profit.
CC ND (No Derivs)
Cannot edit/remix work.
CC SA (Share Alike)
Must license new work same way.
Safety isn’t just about data; it’s about physical health.
Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds to prevent eye strain.
Hold devices at eye level. Looking down for long periods strains the cervical spine.
Electronic waste contains toxic materials like Lead and Mercury. Never throw old phones/batteries in the dustbin.
Action: Locate your nearest authorized “E-Waste Collection Center”.Password strength relies on entropy (randomness). Length often beats complexity.
Tr0ub4dor&3
Predictable substitutions.
battery horse staple correct
Long, random phrases.
Media (Video/Audio) generated by AI that convincingly replaces a person’s likeness or voice with another’s.
How to Spot:
“QR Code Phishing”. Attackers paste fake QR stickers over real ones (e.g., at parking meters) or send QRs via email to bypass filters.
Defense Protocol:
An attack meant to crash a website by flooding it with traffic.
Imagine 1,000 fake cars suddenly blocking a highway. The real cars (legitimate users) cannot get through to their destination (website).
Preventing unauthorized access (Encryption, Passwords).
Ensuring data is not altered/tampered with (Checksums).
Ensuring data is accessible when needed (Backups, preventing DDoS).
A Firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on security rules.
Like a security guard at a gated community. They check the ID of every visitor (data packet) against a list of allowed guests (rules).
Needs a host file. Requires user execution to replicate. Destructive payload. Often attached to .exe or .doc files.
Standalone program. Self-replicating via networks. Does not need user action. Consumes bandwidth.
Advertising software. Automatically renders ads to generate revenue. Often bundles Spyware to track habits.
A network of infected computers controlled remotely by a hacker without the owners’ knowledge. These “zombies” are used to launch massive attacks (DDoS) or send spam.
Malware that encrypts user data, demanding payment (ransom) for the decryption key. Backup is the only robust defense.
The 3-2-1 Backup Rule:
Malware disguised as legitimate software (e.g., a free game) to trick users into installing it. It creates “backdoors” for hackers.
Compares files against a massive database of known virus “signatures” (code snippets). Effective against known threats.
Scans for suspicious *behavior* (e.g., a file trying to delete system folders) rather than specific code. Effective against new, unknown threats (Zero-day).
Step 1: Evidence Collection
Take screenshots of chats, profiles, and URLs. Do not delete the content immediately.
Step 2: Platform Reporting
Use the “Report User” or “Report Post” button on the specific social media app.
Step 3: Legal Escalation
Visit cybercrime.gov.in (NCRP) or dial 1930 for financial fraud.
cybercrime.gov.in: Central portal for reporting all cybercrimes. Allows anonymous reporting for specific offenses.
Helpline 1930: Immediate reporting for financial fraud. Integrated with banks to freeze fraudulent fund transfers.
Master the Fundamentals of Information Technology Welcome to the definitive interactive study resource for CBSE Class 9 Computer Applications (Code 165).
This guide is strictly aligned with the Unit 1: Basics of Information Technology curriculum for the 2025-26 academic session. Designed to simplify complex IT concepts, this page breaks down the anatomy of Computer Systems, the logic of Memory & Storage, the intricate layers of System & Application Software, and the vast world of Computer Networking and Multimedia.
Whether you are revising the IPO Cycle, comparing RAM vs. ROM, or exploring Cloud Computing, our visual diagrams, high-yield comparison tables, and self-testing Q&A sections ensure you are exam-ready.
A study guide for CBSE Class 9 Computer Applications (Code 165). This guide covers Systems, Memory, Networking, and Multimedia.
A computer is an electronic programmable device. It accepts data, processes it using algorithms, and produces information. It is not just one machine. It is a system of hardware and software working together.
Every computer follows a three-step process known as the Input-Process-Output cycle.
The Central Processing Unit has three main parts.
| Gen | Core Technology | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | Vacuum Tubes | Huge, generated heat, slow (ENIAC). |
| 2nd | Transistors | Smaller, faster, more reliable. |
| 3rd | Integrated Circuits (IC) | Keyboards/Monitors introduced. |
| 4th | Microprocessors (VLSI) | Current PCs. GUI OS introduced. |
| 5th | Artificial Intelligence | Voice recognition, Robotics, Learning. |
The fastest and most expensive. Used for weather forecasting, nuclear research, and space exploration.
Example: PARAM, Summit.
Handles huge amounts of data for large organizations (Banks, Airlines). Supports hundreds of users simultaneously.
Mid-size. More powerful than a PC but less than a mainframe. Used as small servers.
Small, inexpensive, designed for individual use.
Example: Desktop, Laptop, Smartphone, Tablet.
Memory follows a hierarchy based on speed and cost. The CPU needs data fast, but fast memory is expensive. We use a mix of Primary and Secondary memory.
The top of the pyramid is fastest but smallest. The bottom is slowest but largest.
| Bit (b) | Binary Digit (0 or 1). The smallest unit. |
| Nibble | Group of 4 bits. |
| Byte (B) | Group of 8 bits. Represents one character. |
| Kilobyte (KB) | 1024 Bytes (210). |
| Megabyte (MB) | 1024 KB. |
| Gigabyte (GB) | 1024 MB. Standard for RAM sizes. |
| Terabyte (TB) | 1024 GB. Standard for Hard Disk sizes. |
| Feature | RAM (Random Access Memory) | ROM (Read Only Memory) |
|---|---|---|
| Types | SRAM, DRAM | PROM, EPROM, EEPROM |
Click the buttons below to filter specific storage technologies.
Uses spinning platters. High capacity (Terabytes) but mechanical parts make it slower.
Capacity: 700MB. Uses Red Laser (780nm). Good for small files.
Capacity: 4.7GB. Uses Red Laser (650nm). Standard for video.
Capacity: 25GB-50GB. Uses Blue-Violet Laser (405nm). High Definition content.
Uses EEPROM. No moving parts. Connects via USB. Highly durable.
Proprietary format by Sony (1998). Used “MagicGate” encryption for DRM protection.
| Feature | HDD (Hard Disk Drive) | SSD (Solid State Drive) |
|---|---|---|
| Parts | Moving parts (Spinning platters) | No moving parts (Flash chips) |
| Speed | Slower read/write | Extremely fast |
| Durability | Fragile if dropped | Shock resistant |
Text input. QWERTY layout is standard.
Pointing device. Controls cursor movement.
Captures video for calls. Input is visual data.
Digitizes physical photos/docs into images.
Used for checking objective test answer sheets (bubbling).
Scans vertical lines to identify products in shops.
Used in banks to process cheques quickly.
Unlike regular printers, plotters use pens to draw continuous lines. They are used by engineers and architects for high-quality blueprints, maps, and construction plans (CAD).
Printers are classified by how they put ink on paper. Impact printers strike the paper physically. Non-impact printers do not.
| Feature | Impact (e.g., Dot Matrix) | Non-Impact (e.g., Laser, Inkjet) |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanism | Hammer strikes ribbon | Sprays ink or fuses toner |
| Noise | High (Noisy) | Low (Quiet/Silent) |
| Unique Ability | Can make Carbon Copies | High resolution photos |
The standard for connecting peripherals like mice, keyboards, and printers. It provides both data transfer and power.
Transmits high-quality video and audio over a single cable. Standard for monitors and projectors.
Green port for Output (Speakers/Headphones). Pink port for Input (Microphone).
Used for wired network connections. Looks like a large telephone jack.
The base layer. Includes the Operating System (OS) which manages resources, and Device Drivers that let the OS talk to hardware.
Character User Interface
User types text commands to perform tasks. Requires memorizing commands. No mouse use.
Examples: MS-DOS, Unix.
Graphical User Interface
User interacts with visual elements like Icons, Menus, and Windows using a Mouse or Touch.
Examples: Windows, macOS, Ubuntu.
Software designed for end-users to perform specific tasks.
Housekeeping tools that maintain the computer’s health.
Translators that convert High-Level Code into Machine Code (0s and 1s).
Apps on phones run differently than PC software. The APU (Application Processing Unit) handles these on mobile devices.
The source code is available to the public. Users can modify, study, and distribute it.
Owned by a company. Source code is hidden. Users must buy a license to use it.
Signals travel through physical cables.
Signals travel through air/space.
Topology refers to the physical layout of the network.
Converts digital computer signals into analog signals (for telephone lines) and back again.
Intelligent device. Connects devices in a LAN. Sends data only to the specific device that requested it (unlike a Hub).
Connects different networks together (e.g., your Home LAN to the Internet WAN). Routes data packets via IP addresses.
A company that provides access to the internet.
Examples: Airtel, Jio, Verizon.The unique address of a webpage.
Example: https://www.rezyo.inA unique numerical label assigned to every device connected to a network.
Example: 192.168.1.1A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.
Using internet servers to store data instead of a local hard drive.
Multimedia combines text, audio, graphics, video, and animation. Interactivity is key.
| Type | Extensions | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Image | .JPG, .PNG, .GIF | Photos, Transparent graphics, Animations. |
| Audio | .MP3, .WAV | Music tracks, Sound effects. |
| Video | .MP4, .MKV, .AVI | Movies, YouTube clips. |
Because it processes all instructions, performs calculations (ALU), and controls the flow of data (CU), much like a human brain controls the body.
Hint: Think about where decisions happen.
Volatility. RAM is volatile (loses data without power), while ROM is non-volatile (retains data without power). RAM is for working; ROM is for booting.
CD (700MB) < DVD (4.7GB) < Blu-ray (25GB) < Hard Disk (TB).
MagicGate. It was a copyright protection technology to encrypt data.
Welcome to the definitive study resource for CBSE Class X Computer Applications (Code 165), Unit 3. As the boundaries between our physical and digital lives blur, understanding Cyber Ethics has shifted from a moral suggestion to a mandatory skill. This guide is strictly aligned with the 2024-25 curriculum, breaking down complex concepts like Netiquettes, the Open Source Software (FOSS/FLOSS) movement, and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) into digestible, exam-ready modules.
Whether you are decoding the legalities of software licensing, learning to protect your digital footprints, or securing financial transactions against phishing and fraud, this page serves as your comprehensive handbook. We move beyond basic definitions, offering deep dives into E-Commerce security protocols (HTTPS/SSL), the Digital Divide, and the legal framework of the IT Act 2000, ensuring you are prepared not just for your board exams, but for a lifetime of responsible digital citizenship.
CBSE Class X Computer Applications (Code 165). Unit 3 Study Guide. Covers Netiquettes, IPR, Licensing, and E-Commerce Security.
The shift to digital spaces changed how we interact. Physical constraints vanished. This created a need for Cyber Ethics. It studies moral dilemmas in using technology, user behavior, and societal impact.
Without face-to-face cues, tone is lost. Netiquette prevents conflict. It counters the “online disinhibition effect” where people act rude because they feel anonymous.
Every action online leaves a trace. This data trail creates a permanent record of your online identity.
Data you intentionally submit. Facebook posts, emails sent, forms filled.
Data collected without you knowing. IP address logs, search history, location data.
Cyber bullying involves the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature.
Social platforms amplify our voice. This power requires responsibility.
Do not spread misinformation. If you share news, ensure it is from a credible source.
Never post photos or videos of friends without their explicit permission.
Maintaining a healthy relationship with technology is vital.
Follow the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds to reduce eye strain.
Curate your feed. Unfollow accounts that make you feel inadequate. Take scheduled digital detoxes.
If you are a victim of cyberbullying or fraud, you can report it anonymously.
Software is either a product or a shared resource. The difference lies in the source code. Source code is human-readable instructions. Object code is the machine-readable executable.
Figure 1: Relationship between Proprietary and FOSS models.
A decision tree flow of software distribution models.
Founded by Richard Stallman. Views software freedom as a moral/ethical issue. “Users deserve the freedom to control their computing.”
Founded by Eric Raymond. Views open source as a practical/development methodology. “Open code leads to higher quality software.”
End User License Agreement. It is a legal contract between the software developer and the user. It defines how the software can be used. Usually clicked through as “I Agree” during installation. Violating EULA can lead to legal action or software termination.
Software that has no ownership, copyright, or trademark. It is “gifted” to humanity. Anyone can modify, distribute, or sell it without permission. Examples include SQLite and Blast (bioinformatics).
| Category | Proprietary (Paid/Closed) | FOSS Alternative (Free/Open) |
|---|---|---|
| Office Suite | Microsoft Office | LibreOffice / OpenOffice |
| Photo Editing | Adobe Photoshop | GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) |
| Operating System | Microsoft Windows / macOS | Linux (Ubuntu, Fedora) |
| Audio Editor | Adobe Audition | Audacity |
CC licenses allow creators to share work while keeping copyright. They mix and match four core conditions:
Must credit author.
No profit allowed.
No editing allowed.
License new work the same way.
FOSS: Free and Open Source Software. Focuses on development method.
FLOSS: Adds “Libre.” Focuses on liberty. “Free as in speech, not free as in beer.”
Digital property includes data, internet accounts, and virtual assets. Ownership is often confused with licensing. When you buy an ebook, you usually buy a license to read it. You do not own the file.
Protects original artistic/literary works (Books, Code, Music). Automatic upon creation. Valid for Author’s Life + 60 Years.
Protects inventions and processes. Must be registered. Usually valid for 20 years. Prevents others from making or selling the invention.
Protects brand identity (Logos, Slogans, Names). Helps consumers distinguish goods. Can last indefinitely if renewed.
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It promotes the protection of IP throughout the world through cooperation among states.
DRM is a set of access control technologies used by publishers to limit the use of digital media. It prevents users from copying files, printing ebooks, or sharing software.
Example: You cannot play a movie downloaded from Netflix after your subscription expires.
Allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.
| Feature | Plagiarism | Copyright Infringement |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Presenting another’s work as your own. | Unauthorized use of protected material. |
| Nature | Ethical offense. Academic dishonesty. | Legal offense. Civil and Criminal. |
| Fix | Proper citation. | Obtaining permission or license. |
| Does Credit Help? | Yes. | No. Crediting a movie director doesn’t let you upload the movie. |
The digital divide is not just about owning a computer. It exists in three layers.
The principle that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) must treat all internet communications equally. They should not discriminate or charge differently based on user, content, website, platform, or application.
Cost of hardware and high-speed data plans remains a barrier for low-income groups.
Urban areas have fiber optics; rural areas often rely on spotty mobile data coverage.
Age, gender, and literacy levels affect the ability to utilize digital tools effectively.
Ensuring the web is accessible to everyone is a key part of digital ethics.
A flagship program to transform India into a digitally empowered society. Focuses on digital infrastructure (NOFN) and digital literacy.
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan. Aims to make 6 crore rural households digitally literate.
Allows citizens to request information from public bodies. Digitized via rtionline.gov.in. This empowers transparency and accountability in governance.
Digital Personal Data Protection Act. New privacy law. Critics argue it conflicts with RTI by exempting personal info from disclosure, prioritizing privacy over transparency.
Electronic Commerce involves buying and selling over the internet. Trust is the currency of e-commerce. Security protocols ensure this trust.
Prevents the browser from saving history, cookies, and site data.
Warning: It does NOT make you invisible to your ISP, school admin, or websites you visit. It only keeps your local device clean.
A digital certificate acts like a passport for a website. It authenticates the identity of the website owner and enables an encrypted connection.
Apps often ask for data they don’t need. Always check:
Using unique biological characteristics to verify identity. Harder to forge than passwords.
Cookies are small text files stored on your browser.
First-Party Cookies: Keep you logged in and remember your shopping cart items. Essential for user experience.
Third-Party Cookies: Track your browsing across different sites to show targeted ads. Often blocked for privacy.
Test your knowledge. Click the questions to reveal answers.
Shareware is a trial version. It works for a limited time or with limited features before payment is required (e.g., WinZip). Freeware is free forever but the source code is closed (e.g., Adobe Reader).
Anonymity lowers behavioral inhibitions. This leads to “toxic disinhibition,” causing rudeness or aggression one wouldn’t display in person. Netiquette rules serve as a check against this.
“Free as in Beer” refers to price (Gratis). “Free as in Speech” refers to liberty (Libre)—the freedom to modify and redistribute the code. FLOSS emphasizes the latter.
It punishes the violation of privacy. Specifically capturing or publishing images of private body parts without consent.
A digital code (generated and authenticated by public key encryption) which is attached to an electronically transmitted document to verify its contents and the sender’s identity.
No. Creative Commons relies on copyright. The creator retains copyright but grants specific permissions (licenses) to the public to use the work under certain conditions (like Attribution).
A cybercrime where targets are contacted by email, telephone or text message by someone posing as a legitimate institution to lure individuals into providing sensitive data such as personally identifiable information, banking and credit card details.
Prepare for the CBSE Class 10 Computer Applications (Code 165) 2025 board examinations with this comprehensive, interactive HTML architecture and web design guide. This resource bridges the gap between theoretical syllabus requirements and practical application, specifically targeting high-weightage units like HTML layouts, networking fundamentals, and cascading style sheets (CSS).
Unlike traditional static notes, this guide integrates Visualizations to explain the Document Object Model (DOM), interactive code sandboxes for real-time syntax testing, and dynamic canvas diagrams to clarify complex topics such as table cell merging (rowspan/colspan) and the CSS Box Model. Whether you are revising legacy attributes, mastering HTML5 semantic structure, or preparing for the practical lab assessment, this module provides the technical depth and visual aids necessary to secure top marks in your computer applications paper.
A technical breakdown of Unit 2 for Computer Applications (Code 165). This guide analyzes the document structure, multimedia integration, and styling logic required for the 2025 board examinations.
HTML constitutes the largest portion of the practical assessment and nearly half of the theory paper. Mastery of this unit affects the overall grade significantly.
Figure 1: Distribution of marks across Theory (50) and Practical (50) components.
Writing HTML requires understanding the environment where code executes. The syllabus links networking fundamentals directly to web development.
Every HTML file follows a tree structure. The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration ensures the browser renders in standards mode rather than quirks mode.
HTML provides physical and logical tags to alter text appearance. The exam often tests the difference between deprecated tags and modern practices.
| Tag | Description | Visual Result |
|---|---|---|
| <b> | Bold Text | Example |
| <i> | Italic Text | Example |
| <u> | Underline | Example |
| <sup> | Superscript (Powers) | X2 |
| <sub> | Subscript (Chemical) | H2O |
| <strike> | Strikethrough (Deprecated) | Example |
Browsers read HTML and construct a Document Object Model (DOM). This D3.js visualization shows how nested tags create a hierarchy (Parent → Child relationships).
Figure: The browser parses root, head, and body into nodes.
bgcolor: Background Colortext: Default text colorlink: Unvisited link colorvlink: Visited link coloralink: Active link colorNote: Highly deprecated but often in syllabus.
face: Font family (e.g., “Arial”)size: 1 to 7color: Hex or Name
Modern HTML uses tags that explain their content to the browser and search engines. Instead of using div for everything, use specific structural tags.
<header>: Introductory content or logos.<nav>: Navigation links.<main>: The dominant content of the body.<section>: Thematic grouping of content.<article>: Independent, self-contained content.<footer>: Copyright and footer links.The appearance of list markers can be changed using the `type` attribute.
type="disc"
● Default
type="circle"
○ Hollow
type="square"
■ Square
type="1"
1, 2, 3
type="A"
A, B, C
type="i"
i, ii, iii
Tables organize data grids. A common exam confusion is the difference between cellpadding and cellspacing.
Rowspan merges down; Colspan merges right.
| Tag | Attributes | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| <table> | border, width, align, bgcolor | Defines the container. ‘align’ centers the whole table. |
| <tr> | align, valign, bgcolor | Applies style to the entire row. |
| <td> | align, valign, colspan, rowspan | ‘align’ moves text left/right. ‘valign’ moves text top/middle/bottom. |
Modern HTML forms can validate user input without JavaScript.
required
Prevents submission if the field is empty.
placeholder="Text..."
Shows a hint inside the box before typing.
min="1" max="10"
Restricts numerical input ranges.
pattern="[A-Za-z]{3}"
Uses Regex to validate format.
Visualizing how data travels from the browser to the server.
<audio controls loop> <source src="song.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> </audio>
<video width="320" controls poster="thumb.jpg"> <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4"> </video>
The <iframe> tag embeds another HTML page inside the current one.
The <head> section contains metadata that isn’t visible on the page but is critical for browser rendering and SEO.
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="...">
Three ways to apply CSS: Inline (attribute), Internal (style tag), and External (link tag).
Can be used on multiple elements.
.btn { color: red; }
<button class="btn">
Must be unique (one element per page).
#header { height: 50px; }
<div id="header">
<!-- Comment --> in HTML and /* Comment */ in CSS to explain complex logic.Wrong: <b><i>Text</b></i>
Right: <b><i>Text</i></b> (First opened, last closed).
Forgetting to close </table> or </form> can break the entire page layout.
Writing C:/Users/Me/pic.jpg instead of pic.jpg will result in broken images on the examiner’s computer.
HTML tags are not case sensitive, but file names often are. image.JPG is not the same as image.jpg on Linux servers.
GET appends data to the URL (insecure). POST sends data in the HTTP body (secure, for passwords).
Relative paths (e.g., img/pic.jpg) work even if the project folder is moved. Absolute paths break if the drive letter changes.
It provides an “Autocomplete” feature for input elements. Users can see a dropdown of pre-defined options as they type.